Three Winding Transformer

Create Function

Note

All short circuit voltages are given relative to the minimum apparent power flow. For example vk_hv_percent is the short circuit voltage from the high to the medium level, it is given relative to the minimum of the rated apparent power in high and medium level: min(sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva). This is consistent with most commercial network calculation software (e.g. PowerFactory). Some tools (like PSS Sincal) however define all short ciruit voltages relative to the overall rated apparent power of the transformer: max(sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva, sn_lv_mva). You might have to convert the values depending on how the short-circuit voltages are defined.

Input Parameters

net.trafo3w

Parameter

Datatype

Value Range

Explanation

name

string

name of the transformer

std_type

string

transformer standard type name

hv_bus*

integer

high voltage bus index of the transformer

mv_bus

integer

medium voltage bus index of the transformer

lv_bus*

integer

low voltage bus index of the transformer

vn_hv_kv*

float

rated voltage at high voltage bus [kV]

vn_mv_kv*

float

\(>\) 0

rated voltage at medium voltage bus [kV]

vn_lv_kv*

float

\(>\) 0

rated voltage at low voltage bus [kV]

sn_hv_mva*

float

\(>\) 0

rated apparent power on high voltage side [kVA]

sn_mv_mva*

float

\(>\) 0

rated apparent power on medium voltage side [kVA]

sn_lv_mva*

float

\(>\) 0

rated apparent power on low voltage side [kVA]

vk_hv_percent*

float

\(>\) 0

short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage [%]

vk_mv_percent*

float

\(>\) 0

short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage [%]

vk_lv_percent*

float

\(>\) 0

short circuit voltage from high to low voltage [%]

vkr_hv_percent*

float

\(\geq\) 0

real part of short circuit voltage from high to medium voltage [%]

vkr_mv_percent*

float

\(\geq\) 0

real part of short circuit voltage from medium to low voltage [%]

vkr_lv_percent*

float

\(\geq\) 0

real part of short circuit voltage from high to low voltage [%]

pfe_kw*

float

\(\geq\) 0

iron losses [kW]

i0_percent*

float

\(\geq\) 0

open loop losses [%]

shift_mv_degree

float

transformer phase shift angle at the MV side

shift_lv_degree

float

transformer phase shift angle at the LV side

tap_side

string

“hv”, “mv”, “lv”

defines if tap changer is positioned on high- medium- or low voltage side

tap_neutral

integer

tap_min

integer

minimum tap position

tap_max

integer

maximum tap position

tap_step_percent

float

\(>\) 0

tap step size [%]

tap_step_degree

float

tap step size for voltage angle

tap_at_star_point

bool

whether the tap changer is modelled at terminal or at star point

tap_pos

integer

current position of tap changer

in_service*

boolean

True/False

specifies if the transformer is in service.

*necessary for executing a power flow calculation.

Note

Three Winding Transformer loading can not yet be constrained with the optimal power flow.

Electric Model

Three Winding Transformers are modelled by three two-winding transformers in \(Y\)-connection:

alternate Text

The parameters of the three transformers are defined as follows:

T1

T2

T3

hv_bus

hv_bus

auxiliary bus

auxiliary bus

lv_bus

auxiliary bus

mv_bus

lv_bus

sn_mva

sn_hv_mva

sn_mv_mva

sn_lv_mva

vn_hv_kv

vn_hv_kv

vn_hv_kv

vn_hv_kv

vn_lv_kv

vn_hv_kv

vn_mv_kv

vn_lv_kv

vk_percent

\(v_{k, t1}\)

\(v_{k, t2}\)

\(v_{k, t3}\)

vkr_percent

\(v_{r, t1}\)

\(v_{r, t2}\)

\(v_{r, t3}\)

shift_degree

0

shift_mv_degree

shift_lv_degree

The iron loss (pfe_kw) and open loop loss (i0_percent) of the 3W transformer is by default attributed to T1 (‘hv’). The parameter ‘trafo3w_losses’ in the runpp function however also allows to assign the losses to T2 (‘mv’), T3(‘lv’) or to the star point (‘star’).

To calculate the short-circuit voltages \(v_{k, t1..t3}\) and \(v_{r, t1..t3}\), first all short-circuit voltages are converted from side based values to branch based values

\begin{align*} v'_{k, hm} &= vk\_hv\_percent \cdot \frac{sn\_hv\_mva}{min(sn\_hv\_mva, sn\_mv\_mva)} \\ v'_{k, ml} &= vk\_mv\_percent \cdot \frac{sn\_hv\_mva}{min(sn\_mv\_mva, sn\_lv\_mva)} \\ v'_{k, lh} &= vk\_lv\_percent \cdot \frac{sn\_hv\_mva}{min(sn\_hv\_mva, sn\_lv\_mva)} \end{align*}

These transformer now represent a \(\Delta\) connection of the equivalent transformers. A \(\Delta-Y\) conversion is therefore applied to recieve the parameters in \(Y\)-connection:

\begin{align*} v'_{k, T1} &= \frac{1}{2} (v'_{k, hm} + v'_{k, lh} - v'_{k, ml}) \\ v'_{k, T2} &= \frac{1}{2} (v'_{k, ml} + v'_{k, hm} - v'_{k, lh}) \\ v'_{k, T3} &= \frac{1}{2} (v'_{k, ml} + v'_{k, lh} - v'_{k, hm}) \end{align*}

Since these voltages are given relative to the high voltage side, they have to be transformed back to the voltage level of each transformer:

\begin{align*} v_{k, T1} &= v'_{k, t1} \\ v_{k, T2} &= v'_{k, t2} \cdot \frac{sn\_mv\_mva}{sn\_hv\_mva} \\ v_{k, T3} &= v'_{k, t3} \cdot \frac{sn\_lv\_mva}{sn\_hv\_mva} \end{align*}

The real part of the short-circuit voltage is calculated in the same way.

The definition of how impedances are calculated for the two winding transformer from these parameters can be found here.

Note

All short circuit voltages are given relative to the maximum apparent power flow. For example vk_hv_percent is the short circuit voltage from the high to the medium level, it is given relative to the minimum of the rated apparent power in high and medium level: min(sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva). This is consistent with most commercial network calculation software (e.g. PowerFactory). Some tools (like PSS Sincal) however define all short circuit voltages relative to the overall rated apparent power of the transformer: max(sn_hv_mva, sn_mv_mva, sn_lv_mva). You might have to convert the values depending on how the short-circuit voltages are defined.

The tap changer adapts the nominal voltages of the transformer in the equivalent to the 2W-Model:

tap_side=”hv”

tap_side=”mv”

tap_side=”lv”

\(V_{n, HV, transformer}\)

\(vnh\_kv \cdot n_{tap}\)

\(vnh\_kv\)

\(vnh\_kv\)

\(V_{n, MV, transformer}\)

\(vnm\_kv\)

\(vnm\_kv \cdot n_{tap}\)

\(vnm\_kv\)

\(V_{n, LV, transformer}\)

\(vnl\_kv\)

\(vnl\_kv\)

\(vnl\_kv \cdot n_{tap}\)

with

\begin{align*} n_{tap} = 1 + (tap\_pos - tap\_neutral) \cdot \frac{tap\_st\_percent}{100} \end{align*}

The variable tap_side controls if the tap changer is located at T1 (‘hv’), T2 (‘mv’) or T3 (‘lv’). The tap_at_star_point variable controls if the tap changer is located at the star point of the three winding transformer or at the terminal side (hv/mv/lv bus).

Result Parameters

net.res_trafo3w

Parameter

Datatype

Explanation

p_hv_mw

float

active power flow at the high voltage transformer bus [MW]

q_hv_mvar

float

reactive power flow at the high voltage transformer bus [kVar]

p_mv_mw

float

active power flow at the medium voltage transformer bus [MW]

q_mv_mvar

float

reactive power flow at the medium voltage transformer bus [kVar]

p_lv_mw

float

active power flow at the low voltage transformer bus [MW]

q_lv_mvar

float

reactive power flow at the low voltage transformer bus [kVar]

pl_mw

float

active power losses of the transformer [MW]

ql_mvar

float

reactive power consumption of the transformer [Mvar]

i_hv_ka

float

current at the high voltage side of the transformer [kA]

i_mv_ka

float

current at the medium voltage side of the transformer [kA]

i_lv_ka

float

current at the low voltage side of the transformer [kA]

vm_hv_pu

float

voltage magnitude at the high voltage bus [pu]

vm_mv_pu

float

voltage magnitude at the medium voltage bus [pu]

vm_lv_pu

float

voltage magnitude at the low voltage bus [pu]

va_hv_degree

float

voltage angle at the high voltage bus [degrees]

va_mv_degree

float

voltage angle at the medium voltage bus [degrees]

va_lv_degree

float

voltage angle at the low voltage bus [degrees]

loading_percent

float

transformer utilization [%]

\begin{align*} p\_hv\_mw &= Re(\underline{v}_{hv} \cdot \underline{i}_{hv}) \\ q\_hv\_mvar &= Im(\underline{v}_{hv} \cdot \underline{i}_{hv}) \\ p\_mv\_mw &= Re(\underline{v}_{mv} \cdot \underline{i}_{mv}) \\ q\_mv\_mvar &= Im(\underline{v}_{mv} \cdot \underline{i}_{mv}) \\ p\_lv\_mw &= Re(\underline{v}_{lv} \cdot \underline{i}_{lv}) \\ q\_lv\_mvar &= Im(\underline{v}_{lv} \cdot \underline{i}_{lv}) \\ pl\_mw &= p\_hv\_mw + p\_lv\_mw \\ ql\_mvar &= q\_hv\_mvar + q\_lv\_mvar \\ i\_hv\_ka &= i_{hv} \\ i\_mv\_ka &= i_{mv} \\ i\_lv\_ka &= i_{lv} \end{align*}

The definition of the transformer loading depends on the trafo_loading parameter of the power flow.

For trafo_loading=’current’, the loading is calculated as:

\begin{align*} loading\_percent &= max(\frac{i_{hv} \cdot vn\_hv\_kv}{sn\_hv\_mva}, \frac{i_{mv} \cdot vn\_mv\_kv}{sn\_mv\_mva}, \frac{i_{lv} \cdot vn\_lv\_kv}{sn\_lv\_mva}) \cdot 100 \end{align*}

For trafo_loading=’power’, the loading is defined as:

\begin{align*} loading\_percent &= max( \frac{i_{hv} \cdot v_{hv}}{sn\_hv\_mva}, \frac{i_{mv} \cdot v_{mv}}{sn\_mv\_mva}, \frac{i_{lv} \cdot v_{lv}}{sn\_lv\_mva}) \cdot 100 \end{align*}