Voltage Source Elements

Voltage source elements are represented by their internal voltage source with an internal resistance \(Z_k\):

../_images/bus_voltage.png

since the voltage source is moved to the fault location for with methodology of the equivalent voltage source, the bus elements can be reduced to a single shunt impedance:

../_images/bus_equivalent.png

The contribution of loads and shunts are negligible according to the standard and therefore neglected in the short-circuit calculation.

External Grid

When calculating maximum short-circuit currents, the impedance of an external grid connection is given as:

\[\begin{split}z_{k, eg} =& \frac{c_{max}}{s\_sc\_max\_mva} \\[1em] x_{k, eg} =& \frac{z_{sg}}{\sqrt{1 + rx\_max^2}} \\[1em] r_{k, eg} =& rx\_max \cdot x_{sg}\end{split}\]

where \(rx\_max\) and \(s\_sc\_max\_mva\) are parameters in the ext_grid table and \(c_{max}\) is the voltage correction factor of the external grid bus.

In case of minimal short-circuit currents, the impedance is calculated accordingly:

\[\begin{split}z_{k, eg} =& \frac{c_{min}}{s\_sc\_min\_mva} \\[1em] x_{k, eg} =& \frac{z_{sg}}{\sqrt{1 + rx\_min^2}} \\[1em] r_{k, eg} =& rx\_min \cdot x_{sg}\end{split}\]

Asynchronous Motor

Asynchronous motors can be considered by setting the type variable of an sgen element to “motor”. The internal impedance is then calculated as:

\[\begin{split}Z_{k, m} = \frac{1}{k} \cdot \frac{vn\_kv^2 \cdot 1000}{sn\_kva} \\ X_{k, m} = \frac{Z_{sg}}{\sqrt{1 + rx^2}} \\ R_{k, m} = rx \cdot X_{sg}\end{split}\]

where \(sn\_kva\) is the rated power of the motor, \(k\) is the ratio of nominal to short circuit current and \(rx\) is the R/X ratio of the motor. \(vn\_kv\) is the rated voltage of the bus the motor is connected to.

Synchronous Generator

Synchronous generators are considered with the short-circuit impedance of:

\[\underline{Z}_{k, gen} = K_G \cdot (R''_d + jX''_d)\]

The short-circuit impedance is calculated as:

\[z_k = xdss\]

The generator correction factor \(K_G\) is given as:

\[K_G = \frac{V_{N, gen}}{V_{N, bus}} \cdot \frac{c_{max}}{1 + x_{dss} \cdot sin(\varphi)}\]

where \(V_{N, bus}\) is the rated voltage of the bus the generator is connected to and \(V_{N, gen}\) is the rated voltage of the generator which is defined by the parameter \(\text{sn\_kva}\) in the gen table. The rated phasor angle \(\varphi\) is given as:

\[\varphi = arcos(cos\_phi)\]

where \(cos\_phi\) is defined in the gen table.